TFCSBinnedShower.cxx

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/*
  Copyright (C) 2002-2025 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration
*/
 
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSBinnedShower.h"
 
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
 
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSBinnedShowerBase.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSCenterPositionCalculation.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSExtrapolationState.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSInitWithEkin.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSLateralShapeParametrizationHitBase.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSPhiModulationCorrection.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSSimulationState.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/TFCSTruthState.h"
 
#if defined(__FastCaloSimStandAlone__)
#include "CLHEP/Random/TRandomEngine.h"
#else
#include <CLHEP/Random/RanluxEngine.h>
#endif
 
#include <H5Cpp.h>
#include <TFile.h>
#include <TH2.h>
#include <TKey.h>
#include <TMatrixD.h>
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <regex>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
 
#include "CLHEP/Random/RandFlat.h"
#include "ISF_FastCaloSimEvent/ICaloGeometry.h"
#include "TBuffer.h"
#include "TClass.h"
 
//=============================================
//======= TFCSBinnedShower =========
//=============================================
 
// using namespace TFCSBinnedShowerEventTypes;
 
TFCSBinnedShower::TFCSBinnedShower(const char *name, const char *title)
    : TFCSBinnedShowerBase(name, title) {}
 
TFCSBinnedShower::~TFCSBinnedShower() {}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::set_layer_energy(
    long unsigned int event_index, long unsigned int layer_index,
    const std::vector<unsigned int>& bin_index_vector,
    const std::vector<float>& E_vector) {
 
  // Assert that the event index is valid
  if (event_index >= m_eventlibrary.size()) {
    m_eventlibrary.resize(event_index + 1);
  }
 
  // Assert that the layer index is valid
  if (layer_index >= m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).event_data.size()) {
    m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).event_data.resize(layer_index + 1);
  }
 
  // Set the layer energy
  layer_t &layer = m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).event_data.at(layer_index);
  layer.bin_index_vector = bin_index_vector;
  layer.E_vector = E_vector;
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::set_bin_boundaries(long unsigned int layer_index,
                                          std::vector<float>& R_lower,
                                          std::vector<float>& R_size,
                                          std::vector<float>& alpha_lower,
                                          std::vector<float>& alpha_size) {
  if (layer_index >= m_coordinates.size()) {
    m_coordinates.resize(layer_index + 1);
  }
  m_coordinates.at(layer_index).R_lower = R_lower;
  m_coordinates.at(layer_index).R_size = R_size;
  m_coordinates.at(layer_index).alpha_lower = alpha_lower;
  m_coordinates.at(layer_index).alpha_size = alpha_size;
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::set_shower_center_information(
    long unsigned int event_index, long unsigned int reference_layer_index,
    float eta_center, float phi_center) {
 
  // Compute phi_mod
  float phi_cell_size = TFCSPhiModulationCorrection::get_phi_cell_size(
      reference_layer_index, eta_center);
  float phi_cell =
      m_geo->getDDE(reference_layer_index, eta_center, phi_center)->phi();
  float phi_within_cell = fmod(phi_center - phi_cell, phi_cell_size);
  if (phi_within_cell < 0) {
    phi_within_cell += phi_cell_size;
  }
 
  if (m_eventlibrary.size() <= event_index) {
    m_eventlibrary.resize(event_index + 1);
  }
  if (m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).event_data.size() <=
      reference_layer_index) {
    m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).event_data.resize(reference_layer_index + 1);
  }
  m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).center_eta = eta_center;
  m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).phi_mod = phi_within_cell;
}
 
long unsigned int TFCSBinnedShower::find_best_match(
    float eta_center, float phi_center, float e_init,
    long unsigned int reference_layer_index, bool phi_mod_matching) const {
 
  float phi_cell_size, phi_within_cell;
 
  if (phi_mod_matching) {
    const CaloDetDescrElement *cellele =
        m_geo->getDDE(reference_layer_index, eta_center, phi_center);
    phi_cell_size = TFCSPhiModulationCorrection::get_phi_cell_size(
        reference_layer_index, eta_center);
 
    float phi_cell = cellele->phi();
    phi_within_cell = phi_center - phi_cell;
 
    phi_within_cell = fmod(phi_within_cell, phi_cell_size);
    if (phi_within_cell < 0)
      phi_within_cell += phi_cell_size;
  }
 
  // Find the event with the closest eta_center and phi_mod (L2 distance)
  float best_distance = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
  long unsigned int best_match = m_eventlibrary.size() + 1;
 
  for (long unsigned int event_index = 0; event_index < m_eventlibrary.size();
       ++event_index) {
 
    // Absolute eta difference. Normalized by the (usual) eta range of 0.05...
    float eta_diff =
        (m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).center_eta - eta_center) / 0.05;
 
    // Logarithmic energy difference. Use power of two (distance between usual
    // energy points) as reasonable distance measure.
    float e_diff =
        std::log(m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).e_init / e_init) / std::log(2);
 
    // float dist2 = eta_diff * eta_diff;
    float dist2 = eta_diff * eta_diff + e_diff * e_diff;
 
    if (phi_mod_matching) {
      float phi_mod = m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).phi_mod;
      float phi_diff = (phi_mod - phi_within_cell) / phi_cell_size;
      dist2 = dist2 + phi_diff * phi_diff;
    }
    float distance = TMath::Sqrt(dist2);
 
    if (distance < best_distance) {
      best_distance = distance;
      best_match = event_index;
    }
  }
 
  if (best_match == m_eventlibrary.size() + 1) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("No best match found");
  } else {
    ATH_MSG_INFO("Best match found for eta "
                 << eta_center << " / "
                 << m_eventlibrary.at(best_match).center_eta << " with energy "
                 << e_init << " / " << m_eventlibrary.at(best_match).e_init);
  }
 
  return best_match;
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::get_event(
    TFCSSimulationState &simulstate, float eta_center, float phi_center,
    float e_init, long unsigned int reference_layer_index) const {
 
  if (m_eventlibrary.empty()) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR(
        "No event library loaded. Please load an event libray for "
        "TFCSBinnedShower::get_event.");
    return;
  }
 
  simulstate.setAuxInfo<float>("BSEinit"_FCShash, e_init);
 
  long unsigned int event_index;
  if (simulstate.hasAuxInfo("EventNr"_FCShash) && m_use_event_matching) {
    event_index = simulstate.getAuxInfo<int>("EventNr"_FCShash);
  } else if (m_use_event_cherry_picking || m_use_eta_matching) {
    // dphi/deta
    event_index =
        find_best_match(eta_center, phi_center, e_init, reference_layer_index,
                        m_use_event_cherry_picking);
 
    if (event_index >= m_eventlibrary.size()) {
      event_index = std::floor(CLHEP::RandFlat::shoot(
          simulstate.randomEngine(), 0, m_eventlibrary.size()));
    }
 
  } else {
    event_index = std::floor(CLHEP::RandFlat::shoot(simulstate.randomEngine(),
                                                    0, m_eventlibrary.size()));
  }
 
  ATH_MSG_DEBUG("Using event index " << event_index << " for eta " << eta_center
                                     << " and phi " << phi_center);
 
  // Store a pointer to the event
  event_t *event_ptr = new event_t(m_eventlibrary.at(event_index));
  simulstate.setAuxInfo<void *>("BSEventData"_FCShash, event_ptr);
 
  compute_n_hits_and_elayer(simulstate);
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::compute_n_hits_and_elayer(
    TFCSSimulationState &simulstate) const {
 
  event_t *event = static_cast<event_t *>(
      simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSEventData"_FCShash));
  float e_init = simulstate.getAuxInfo<float>("BSEinit"_FCShash);
 
  // Loop over all layers
  long unsigned int n_layers = event->event_data.size();
  std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> hits_per_layer;
  std::vector<float> elayer;
  hits_per_layer.resize(n_layers);
  elayer.resize(n_layers, 0.0f);
 
  for (long unsigned int layer_index = 0; layer_index < n_layers;
       ++layer_index) {
 
    layer_t &layer = event->event_data.at(layer_index);
 
    // Loop over all voxels in the layer
    long unsigned int n_hits = 0;
    for (float e_voxel : layer.E_vector) {
      long unsigned int hits_per_bin;
      if (e_voxel > std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()) {
        hits_per_bin =
            std::min(std::max(int(e_voxel * e_init / m_default_hit_energy), 1),
                     m_max_hits_per_voxel);
        elayer.at(layer_index) += e_voxel * e_init;
 
      } else {
        hits_per_bin = 0;
      }
      n_hits += hits_per_bin;
      hits_per_layer.at(layer_index).push_back(n_hits);
    }
  }
  // Store the hits per layer vector
  std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *hits_per_layer_ptr =
      new std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>>(std::move(hits_per_layer));
  simulstate.setAuxInfo<void *>("BSNHits"_FCShash, hits_per_layer_ptr);
 
  // Store the energy per layer
  std::vector<float> *elayer_ptr = new std::vector<float>(std::move(elayer));
  simulstate.setAuxInfo<void *>("BSELayer"_FCShash, elayer_ptr);
}
 
long unsigned int TFCSBinnedShower::get_n_hits(
    TFCSSimulationState &simulstate, long unsigned int layer_index) const {
 
  std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *hits_per_layer_ptr =
      static_cast<std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *>(
          simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSNHits"_FCShash));
 
  if (!hits_per_layer_ptr) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Invalid hits per layer information");
    return 0;
  }
 
  return hits_per_layer_ptr->at(layer_index).back();
}
 
float TFCSBinnedShower::get_layer_energy(TFCSSimulationState &simulstate,
                                         long unsigned int layer_index) const {
  std::vector<float> *elayer_ptr = static_cast<std::vector<float> *>(
      simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSELayer"_FCShash));
  if (!elayer_ptr) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Invalid layer energy information");
    return 0.0f;
  }
  if (layer_index >= elayer_ptr->size()) {
    return 0.0f;
  }
  return elayer_ptr->at(layer_index);
}
 
long unsigned int TFCSBinnedShower::get_energy_index(
    TFCSSimulationState &simulstate, long unsigned int layer_index,
    long unsigned int hit_index) const {
  std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *hits_per_layer_ptr =
      static_cast<std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *>(
          simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSNHits"_FCShash));
  if (!hits_per_layer_ptr) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Invalid hits per layer information");
    return 0;
  }
 
  if (layer_index >= hits_per_layer_ptr->size()) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Layer index out of bounds: " << layer_index << " >= "
                                                << hits_per_layer_ptr->size());
    return 0;
  }
 
  // Find the hit index in the hit vector for the given layer
  const std::vector<long unsigned int> &hits =
      hits_per_layer_ptr->at(layer_index);
  auto it = std::upper_bound(hits.begin(), hits.end(), hit_index);
  long unsigned int energy_index = std::distance(hits.begin(), it);
 
  if (energy_index >= hits.size()) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Energy index out of bounds: " << energy_index
                                                 << " >= " << hits.size());
    // Print full hits for debugging
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Hits per layer: ");
    for (const auto &hit : hits) {
      ATH_MSG_ERROR("Hit: " << hit);
    }
    return 0;
  }
 
  return energy_index;
}
 
std::tuple<float, float> TFCSBinnedShower::get_coordinates(
    TFCSSimulationState &simulstate, long unsigned int layer_index,
    int bin_index) const {
  float R_min = m_coordinates.at(layer_index).R_lower.at(bin_index);
  float R_max = m_coordinates.at(layer_index).R_size.at(bin_index) +
                m_coordinates.at(layer_index).R_lower.at(bin_index);
 
  float alpha_min = m_coordinates.at(layer_index).alpha_lower.at(bin_index);
  float alpha_max = m_coordinates.at(layer_index).alpha_size.at(bin_index) +
                    m_coordinates.at(layer_index).alpha_lower.at(bin_index);
 
  if (m_use_upscaling) {
    upscale(simulstate, R_min, R_max, alpha_min, alpha_max, layer_index,
            bin_index);
  }
  float R;
  if (TMath::Abs(R_max - R_min) > std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()) {
    R = CLHEP::RandFlat::shoot(simulstate.randomEngine(), R_min, R_max);
  } else {
    R = R_min;  // If the range is too small, just use the minimum value
  }
  float alpha =
      CLHEP::RandFlat::shoot(simulstate.randomEngine(), alpha_min, alpha_max);
 
  return std::make_tuple(R, alpha);
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::upscale(TFCSSimulationState &simulstate, float &R_min,
                               float &R_max, float &alpha_min, float &alpha_max,
                               long unsigned int layer_index,
                               int bin_index) const {
 
  float p = CLHEP::RandFlat::shoot(simulstate.randomEngine(), 0, 1);
 
  float e_init = simulstate.getAuxInfo<float>("BSEinit"_FCShash);
  std::vector<float> available_energies = m_upscaling_energies;
 
  unsigned int e_index = 0;
 
  std::vector<float> probabilities = {0.25f, 0.5f, 0.75f};
 
  if (available_energies.size() > 1) {
    // find closest energy index using binary search
    auto it = std::upper_bound(available_energies.begin(),
                               available_energies.end(), e_init);
    if (it != available_energies.end()) {
      e_index = std::distance(available_energies.begin(), it);
    } else {
      e_index = available_energies.size() - 1;
    }
 
    float e_high = available_energies.at(e_index);
    if (e_high < e_init || e_index == 0) {
      if (m_sub_bin_distribution.at(e_index).size() > layer_index) {
        probabilities =
            m_sub_bin_distribution.at(e_index).at(layer_index).at(bin_index);
      }
    } else {
      if (m_sub_bin_distribution.at(e_index).size() > layer_index &&
          m_sub_bin_distribution.at(e_index - 1).size() > layer_index) {
        float e_low = available_energies.at(e_index - 1);
        float f_low = std::log(e_high / e_init) / (std::log(e_high / e_low));
        float f_high = 1 - f_low;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
          float p_low = m_sub_bin_distribution.at(e_index - 1)
                            .at(layer_index)
                            .at(bin_index)
                            .at(i);
          float p_high = m_sub_bin_distribution.at(e_index)
                             .at(layer_index)
                             .at(bin_index)
                             .at(i);
          probabilities[i] = f_low * p_low + f_high * p_high;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  else if (available_energies.size() == 1) {
    probabilities = m_sub_bin_distribution.at(0).at(layer_index).at(bin_index);
  }
 
  float p_alpha_low = probabilities[2] - probabilities[1] + probabilities[0];
  float p_r;
 
  if (p < p_alpha_low) {
    alpha_max = (alpha_min + alpha_max) / 2.;
    p_r = probabilities[0] / (p_alpha_low);
  } else {
    alpha_min = (alpha_min + alpha_max) / 2.;
    p_r = (probabilities[1] - probabilities[0]) / (1 - p_alpha_low);
  }
 
  p = CLHEP::RandFlat::shoot(simulstate.randomEngine(), 0, 1);
  if (layer_index != 2){
  // if ((layer_index != 2) && (layer_index != 1)) {
    if (p > p_r) {
      R_min = (R_min + R_max) / 2.;
      return;
    } else {
      R_max = (R_min + R_max) / 2.;
      return;
    }
  }
 
 
  // Use linear interpolation for layer 2
  // It works better than uniform sampling for the second layer...
  if (p_r < 0.25) {
    p_r = 0.25;  // Values below 0.25 are not allowed for linear pdf
  } else if (p_r > 0.75) {
    p_r = 0.75;  // Values above 0.75 are not allowed for linear pdf
  } else if (TMath::Abs(p_r - 0.5) < std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()) {
    return;  // Best upscaling is uniform sampling. Nothing to do here.
  }
 
  // Inverse CDF for linear pdf
  float r = (1. - 4. * p_r) / (2. - 4. * p_r) -
            TMath::Sqrt(((1. - 4. * p_r) / (2. - 4. * p_r)) *
                            ((1. - 4. * p_r) / (2. - 4. * p_r)) +
                        p / ((1. / 2.) - p_r));
  if (r < 0) {
    r = (1. - 4. * p_r) / (2. - 4. * p_r) +
        TMath::Sqrt(((1. - 4. * p_r) / (2. - 4. * p_r)) *
                        ((1. - 4. * p_r) / (2. - 4. * p_r)) +
                    p / ((1. / 2.) - p_r));
  }
 
  R_min = R_min + r / 2 * (R_max - R_min);
  R_max = R_min;
 
  return;
}
 
std::tuple<float, float, float> TFCSBinnedShower::get_hit_position_and_energy(
    TFCSSimulationState &simulstate, long unsigned int layer_index,
    long unsigned int hit_index) const {
 
  event_t *event = static_cast<event_t *>(
      simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSEventData"_FCShash));
 
  float e_init = simulstate.getAuxInfo<float>("BSEinit"_FCShash);
 
  if (layer_index >= event->event_data.size()) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Layer index out of bounds: " << layer_index << " >= "
                                                << event->event_data.size());
    return std::make_tuple(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
  }
 
  long unsigned int energy_index = get_energy_index(
      simulstate, layer_index, hit_index);  // Get the bin index for the hit
 
  std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *hits_per_layer_ptr =
      static_cast<std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *>(
          simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSNHits"_FCShash));
 
  long unsigned int hits_per_bin;
  if (energy_index == 0) {
    hits_per_bin = hits_per_layer_ptr->at(layer_index).at(energy_index);
  } else {
    hits_per_bin = hits_per_layer_ptr->at(layer_index).at(energy_index) -
                   hits_per_layer_ptr->at(layer_index).at(energy_index - 1);
  }
 
  float r, alpha;
 
  layer_t &layer = event->event_data.at(layer_index);
 
  std::tie(r, alpha) = get_coordinates(simulstate, layer_index,
                                       layer.bin_index_vector.at(energy_index));
 
  float E = layer.E_vector.at(energy_index) * e_init / hits_per_bin;
 
  return std::make_tuple(r, alpha, E);
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::delete_event(TFCSSimulationState &simulstate) const {
  // Delete the event data
  void *event_ptr = simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSEventData"_FCShash);
  if (event_ptr) {
    delete static_cast<event_t *>(event_ptr);
    simulstate.setAuxInfo<void *>("BSEventData"_FCShash, nullptr);
  } else {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("No event data found to delete.");
  }
 
  void *n_hits_ptr = simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSNHits"_FCShash);
  if (n_hits_ptr) {
    delete static_cast<std::vector<std::vector<long unsigned int>> *>(
        n_hits_ptr);
    simulstate.setAuxInfo<void *>("BSNHits"_FCShash, nullptr);
  } else {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("No event hits data found to delete.");
  }
 
  void *elayer_ptr = simulstate.getAuxInfo<void *>("BSELayer"_FCShash);
  if (elayer_ptr) {
    delete static_cast<std::vector<float> *>(elayer_ptr);
    simulstate.setAuxInfo<void *>("BSELayer"_FCShash, nullptr);
  } else {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("No event layer energy data found to delete.");
  }
 
  return;
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::load_event_library(
    const std::string &filename, std::vector<long unsigned int> &layers,
    bool only_load_meta_data) {
 
  if (!only_load_meta_data) {
    m_eventlibrary.clear();
  }
 
  m_coordinates.clear();
 
  if (m_use_upscaling) {
    m_sub_bin_distribution.clear();
  }
 
  // layer dependent variables
  for (long unsigned int layer_index : layers) {
 
    ATH_MSG_INFO("Loading layer " << layer_index << " from file: " << filename);
 
    // Load the bin boundaries for this layer
    load_bin_boundaries(filename, layer_index);
 
    if (!only_load_meta_data) {
      // Load the layer energies
      load_layer_energy(filename, layer_index);
    }
 
  }
 
  if ((m_use_event_cherry_picking || m_use_eta_matching) &&
      !only_load_meta_data) {
    load_shower_center_information(filename);
  }
 
  return;
}
 
std::tuple<std::vector<float>, std::vector<hsize_t>, bool>
TFCSBinnedShower::load_hdf5_dataset(const std::string &filename,
                                    const std::string &datasetname) {
 
  // Open the HDF5 file and dataset
  H5::H5File file(filename, H5F_ACC_RDONLY);
 
  // check if the dataset exists
  if (!file.exists(datasetname)) {
    return std::make_tuple(std::vector<float>{}, std::vector<hsize_t>{}, false);
  }
 
  H5::DataSet dataset = file.openDataSet(datasetname);
 
  // Get the dataspace of the dataset
  H5::DataSpace dataspace = dataset.getSpace();
 
  // Get the number of dimensions and the size of each dimension
  int rank = dataspace.getSimpleExtentNdims();
  std::vector<hsize_t> dims_out(rank);
  dataspace.getSimpleExtentDims(dims_out.data(), NULL);
 
  // Calculate the total number of elements
  hsize_t totalSize = 1;
  for (const auto &dim : dims_out) {
    totalSize *= dim;
  }
 
  // Read the dataset into a buffer
  std::vector<float> data(totalSize);
  dataset.read(data.data(), H5::PredType::NATIVE_FLOAT);
  file.close();
  return std::make_tuple(data, dims_out, true);
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::load_layer_energy(const std::string &filename,
                                         long unsigned int layer_index) {
 
  std::string datasetname = "energy_layer_" + std::to_string(layer_index);
 
  std::vector<float> data;
  std::vector<hsize_t> dims;
  bool success;
  std::tie(data, dims, success) = load_hdf5_dataset(filename, datasetname);
  if (!success) {
    ATH_MSG_ERROR("Error while extracting the layer energy for layer "
                  << layer_index << " from " << filename << ".");
    return;
  }
 
  // Store the data in the event library
  std::vector<unsigned int> bin_index_vector;
  std::vector<float> E_vector;
 
  for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); ++i) {
    long unsigned int event_index = i / dims.at(1);
    float bin_index = i % dims.at(1);
 
    if (bin_index == 0) {
      bin_index_vector.clear();
      E_vector.clear();
    }
 
    if (data.at(i) != 0.0) {
      bin_index_vector.push_back(bin_index);
      E_vector.push_back(data.at(i));
    }
 
    if (bin_index ==
        dims.at(1) - 1)  // True for the last voxel of the event in this layer
    {
      set_layer_energy(event_index, layer_index, bin_index_vector, E_vector);
    }
  }
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::load_bin_boundaries(const std::string &filename,
                                           long unsigned int layer_index) {
 
  // Assert that the layer index is valid
  if (layer_index >= m_coordinates.size()) {
    m_coordinates.resize(layer_index + 1);
  }
 
  std::vector<std::string> datasetnames = {
      "binstart_radius_layer_", "binsize_radius_layer_",
      "binstart_alpha_layer_", "binsize_alpha_layer_"};
 
  for (long unsigned int i = 0; i < datasetnames.size(); i++) {
    std::string datasetname = datasetnames.at(i) + std::to_string(layer_index);
    std::vector<float> data;
    std::vector<hsize_t> dims;
    bool success;
    std::tie(data, dims, success) = load_hdf5_dataset(filename, datasetname);
    if (!success) {
      ATH_MSG_ERROR("Error while extracting the bin boundaries for layer "
                    << layer_index << " from " << filename << "."
                    << "Specifically, the key " << datasetname
                    << " could not be loaded.");
      return;
    }
 
    // Fill the corresponding vector in the layer_bins_t structure
    auto &event_bins = m_coordinates.at(layer_index);
    switch (i) {
      case 0:
        event_bins.R_lower = std::move(data);
        break;
      case 1:
        event_bins.R_size = std::move(data);
        break;
      case 2:
        event_bins.alpha_lower = std::move(data);
        break;
      case 3:
        event_bins.alpha_size = std::move(data);
        break;
    }
  }
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::load_shower_center_information(
    const std::string &filename) {
 
  // Open the HDF5 file
  H5::H5File file(filename, H5F_ACC_RDONLY);
 
  // Open the dataset
  std::vector<std::string> datasetnames = {"phi_mod", "center_eta",
                                           "incident_energy"};
 
  for (long unsigned int i = 0; i < datasetnames.size(); i++) {
    std::string datasetname = datasetnames.at(i);
    std::vector<float> data;
    std::vector<hsize_t> dims;
    bool success;
    std::tie(data, dims, success) = load_hdf5_dataset(filename, datasetname);
    if (!success) {
      if (datasetname == "phi_mod" && m_use_eta_matching) {
        // We do not necessarly need the phi_mod for eta matching, so we can
        // just skip this dataset
        continue;
      } else {
        ATH_MSG_ERROR(
            "Error while extracting the shower center information from "
            << filename << "."
            << "Specifically, the key " << datasetname
            << " could not be loaded.");
      }
      return;
    }
 
    for (long unsigned int event_index = 0; event_index < data.size();
         ++event_index) {
      switch (i) {
        case 0:
          m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).phi_mod = data.at(event_index);
          break;
        case 1:
          m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).center_eta = data.at(event_index);
          break;
        case 2:
          m_eventlibrary.at(event_index).e_init = data.at(event_index);
          break;
      }
    }
  }
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::Streamer(TBuffer &R__b) {
  // Stream an object of class TFCSBinnedShower
 
  if (R__b.IsReading()) {
    R__b.ReadClassBuffer(TFCSBinnedShower::Class(), this);
 
    // Load the event library from file
    if (!m_hdf5_file.empty()) {
      std::vector<long unsigned int> layers;
      for (long unsigned int i = 0; i < m_n_layers; ++i) {
        layers.push_back(i);
      }
      ATH_MSG_INFO("Loading event library from " << m_hdf5_file);
      ((TFCSBinnedShower *)this)->load_event_library(m_hdf5_file, layers);
      ATH_MSG_INFO("Size after loading" << m_eventlibrary.size());
    } else {
      ATH_MSG_INFO(
          "Using existing event library of size: " << m_eventlibrary.size());
    }
 
  } else {
    // Remove the event library again, if it was loaded from file
    if (!m_hdf5_file.empty()) {
      ATH_MSG_DEBUG("Clear event library before saving");
      m_eventlibrary.resize(0);
    }
 
    R__b.WriteClassBuffer(TFCSBinnedShower::Class(), this);
  }
}
 
void TFCSBinnedShower::load_sub_bin_distribution(const std::string &filename) {
  m_use_upscaling = true;
  TFile *file = TFile::Open(filename.c_str(), "READ");
  if (!file || file->IsZombie()) {
    std::cerr << "Failed to open file: " << filename << std::endl;
    return;
  }
 
  std::regex pattern(R"(probabilities_layer_(\d+)_energy_([0-9.]+))");
  std::map<float, std::map<int, std::vector<std::vector<float>>>> temp_storage;
 
  TIter next(file->GetListOfKeys());
  TKey *key;
 
  while ((key = (TKey *)next())) {
    std::string keyname = key->GetName();
    std::smatch match;
    if (std::regex_match(keyname, match, pattern)) {
      int layer = std::stoi(match[1].str());
      float energy = std::stod(match[2].str());
 
      TMatrixD *matrix = dynamic_cast<TMatrixD *>(file->Get(keyname.c_str()));
      if (matrix) {
        std::vector<std::vector<float>> mat_vec(
            matrix->GetNrows(), std::vector<float>(matrix->GetNcols()));
        for (int i = 0; i < matrix->GetNrows(); ++i) {
          for (int j = 0; j < matrix->GetNcols(); ++j) {
            mat_vec[i][j] = static_cast<float>((*matrix)(i, j));
          }
        }
        temp_storage[energy][layer] = std::move(mat_vec);
      }
    }
  }
 
  file->Close();
  delete file;
 
  // Output containers
  std::vector<float> energies;
  std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<float>>>>
      data;  // [energy][layer][row][col]
 
  for (const auto &[energy, layer_map] : temp_storage) {
    energies.push_back(energy);
    int max_layer = 0;
    for (const auto &[l, _] : layer_map)
      max_layer = std::max(max_layer, l);
 
    std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<float>>> layer_vec(max_layer + 1);
    for (const auto &[layer_idx, mat] : layer_map) {
      layer_vec[layer_idx] = mat;
    }
    data.push_back(std::move(layer_vec));
  }
 
  // Example output
  for (size_t i = 0; i < energies.size(); ++i) {
    std::cout << "Energy index " << i << ": " << energies[i] << " GeV\n";
    for (size_t j = 0; j < data[i].size(); ++j) {
      if (!data[i][j].empty()) {
        std::cout << "  Layer " << j << " Shape: (" << data[i][j].size() << ", "
                  << data[i][j][0].size() << ")\n";
      }
    }
  }
 
  m_upscaling_energies = std::move(energies);
  m_sub_bin_distribution = std::move(data);
}